RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar as práticas atuais de cuidados intensivos em Portugal quanto à analgesia, à sedação e ao delirium, com base em uma comparação entre as atividades relatadas e a prática clínica diária. Métodos: Inquérito nacional em que os médicos foram convidados a relatar sua prática em relação à analgesia, à sedação e ao delirium em unidades de terapia intensiva. Para analisar a prática diária, realizou-se um estudo de prevalência pontual. Resultados: Responderam ao inquérito 117 médicos, e 192 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo de prevalência pontual. O inquérito e o estudo de prevalência mostraram uma avaliação generalizada do nível de sedação (92%; 88,5%). A Escala de Agitação e Sedação de Richmond foi a mais reportada e utilizada (41,7%; 58,2%), e o propofol foi o medicamento mais reportado e utilizado (91,4%; 58,6%). A prescrição de midazolam foi relatada por 68,4% dos respondentes, mas o estudo de prevalência pontual revelou a sua utilização em 27,6%. Embora 46,4% dos respondentes tenham relatado excesso de sedação, na realidade foi documentado em 32% dos pacientes. O inquérito relatou avaliação diária de dor (92%) com uso de escalas padronizadas (71%). Identificou-se resultado semelhante no estudo de prevalência pontual, com 91,1% de avaliação da analgesia feita principalmente com a Escala Comportamental de Dor. No inquérito, os opioides foram relatados como analgésicos de primeira linha. Na prática clínica, o paracetamol foi a primeira opção (34,6%), seguido de opioides. A avaliação do delirium foi relatada por 70% dos médicos, embora tenha sido realizada em menos de 10% dos pacientes. Conclusão: Os resultados do inquérito não refletiram com precisão as práticas habituais nas unidades de terapia intensiva portuguesas, tal como relatado no estudo de prevalência pontual. Devem ser feitos esforços principalmente para evitar o excesso de sedação e promover a avaliação do delirium.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish current Portuguese critical care practices regarding analgesia, sedation, and delirium based on a comparison between the activities reported and daily clinical practice. Methods: A national survey was conducted among physicians invited to report their practice toward analgesia, sedation, and delirium in intensive care units. A point prevalence study was performed to analyze daily practices. Results: A total of 117 physicians answered the survey, and 192 patients were included in the point prevalence study. Survey and point prevalence studies reflect a high sedation assessment (92%; 88.5%), with the Richmond Agitated Sedation Scale being the most reported and used scale (41.7%; 58.2%) and propofol being the most reported and used medication (91.4%; 58.6%). Midazolam prescribing was reported by 68.4% of responders, but a point prevalence study revealed a use of 27.6%. Although 46.4% of responders reported oversedation, this was actually documented in 32% of the patients. The survey reports the daily assessment of pain (92%) using standardized scales (71%). The same was identified in the point prevalence study, with 91.1% of analgesia assessment mainly with the Behavioral Pain Scale. In the survey, opioids were reported as the first analgesic. In clinical practice, acetaminophen was the first option (34.6%), followed by opioids. Delirium assessment was reported by 70% of physicians but was performed in less than 10% of the patients. Conclusion: The results from the survey did not accurately reflect the common practices in Portuguese intensive care units, as reported in the point prevalence study. Efforts should be made specifically to avoid oversedation and to promote delirium assessment.

This study proposes a new, efficient, and selective method for the analysis of cocaine in oral fluid. For this purpose, an extractive phase with restricted access materials (RAM) capable of extract and pre-concentrate low molecular weight analytes and simultaneously exclude macromolecules was developed for disposable pipette extraction (DPX) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. The proposed method was optimized using a 24 factorial design which pointed higher extraction efficiency under the following conditions: pH 9, 10 cycles of extraction (aspirate/dispense), 3 cycles of desorption (aspirate/dispense) and acetonitrile as desorption solvent. The DPX-RAM/LC-MS method showed linearity range from 10 to 100 ng mL-1 with determination coefficient (R2) = 0.999, accuracy values ranged from -0.9 to 4.3%, precision values ranged from 1.7 to 9.1% and recovery values ranged from 97.9 to 101.1%. The benefits of this method are that it can be performed in few minutes and that the analytical performances, including the limit of detection (3.13 ng mL-1), limit of quantitation (10 ng mL-1) and linear range were found to be in agreement with other methods used for similar analysis.

ABSTRACT An investigation of historical character aimed at briefly exposing the development of periodontology was carried out in Santiago de Cuba from 1974 to the present time. This specialty has been encouraging gradually and nowadays it has integrally prepared professionals to offer a specialized stomatological care with quality; it is also linked to the teaching-assistance activity, with a staff of 14 highly qualified professors. It can be affirmed then, that the human capital training has been fulfilled per years -according to the populational demand and the requirements of the National Health System-, because it has been contributed, in such an extent, to the improvement and preparation of these specialists aiming at preserving, during present and future times, the periodontal health of people from Santiago de Cuba.

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación de carácter histórico con el fin de exponer brevemente el desarrollo de la periodontología en Santiago de Cuba desde 1974 hasta la actualidad. Esta especialidad se ha venido fomentando de forma paulatina y hoy día cuenta con profesionales preparados integralmente para brindar una atención estomatológica especializada de calidad; también se vincula a la actividad docente-asistencial, con un claustro de 14 profesores altamente calificados. Puede afirmarse, entonces, que la formación del capital humano se ha cumplimentado por años -de acuerdo a la demanda poblacional y a los requerimientos del Sistema Nacional de Salud-, pues se ha contribuido, en gran medida, al perfeccionamiento y la preparación de estos especialistas con vistas a preservar, durante el presente y en el futuro, la salud periodontal de la población santiaguera.

RESUMO Introdução: o processo ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina Atenção Integral à Família II passou por transformações nos diferentes planos de estudos pelos quais passou a carreira em Estomatologia. Objetivo: ilustrar a evolução histórica do curso de Atendimento Integral à Família II em Estomatologia, através do problema de ensino e educação no trabalho como forma de adquirir e desenvolver modos de atuação em alunos do quarto ano.: Durante o ano letivo 2018-2019, em Na Faculdade de Estomatologia do Granma foi realizada uma pesquisa educacional com abordagem histórica sobre o assunto, utilizando como métodos teóricos histórico-lógico, indução-dedução e analítico-sintético. Resultados: as regularidades e tendências foram determinadas através do diagnóstico factual e das diferentes etapas declaradas na evolução histórica do processo de ensino-aprendizagem nesta disciplina. Conclusões: há variabilidade na utilização do método e na forma de ensino a partir do objeto da profissão, com insuficiente sistematização teórico-prática de acordo com os planos de estudos, o que mantém o caráter tradicionalista do processo ensino-aprendizagem e limita a atuação profissional independente no futuro estomatologista.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the teaching-learning process of the Comprehensive Family Care II subject underwent transformations in the different study plans through which the stomatology career passed. Objective: to illustrate the historical evolution of the Comprehensive Family Care II course in stomatology, through problem teaching and education at work as a way of acquiring and developing modes of action in fourth-year students. Methods: during the 2018-2019 academic year, at the Faculty of Stomatology of Granma an educational research with a historical approach was carried out on the subject, using historical-logical, induction-deduction and analytical-synthetic as theoretical methods. Results: the regularities and trends were determined through the factual diagnosis and the different stages declared in the historical evolution of the teaching-learning process in this subject. Conclusions: there is variability in the use of the method and in the way of teaching from the object of the profession, with insufficient theoretical-practical systematization according to study plans, which maintains the traditionalist nature of the teaching-learning process and limits professional performance independent in the future stomatologist.

RESUMEN Introducción: el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II sufrió trasformaciones en los diferentes planes de estudio por los que transitó la carrera de estomatología. Objetivo: ilustrar la evolución histórica de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II en la carrera de estomatología, a través de la enseñanza problémica y la educación en el trabajo como vía de adquirir y desarrollar los modos de actuación en estudiantes del cuarto año. Métodos: durante el curso 2018- 2019, en la Facultad de Estomatología de Granma se realizó una investigación educativa con enfoque histórico sobre el tema, utilizando como método teórico el histórico-lógico, inducción- deducción y analítico-sintético. Resultados: se determinaron las regularidades y tendencias a través del diagnóstico fáctico y de las diferentes etapas declaradas en la evolución histórica del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en esta asignatura. Conclusiones: existe variabilidad en la utilización del método y en la forma de enseñanza desde el objeto de la profesión, con insuficiente sistematización teórico- práctica según planes de estudio, lo que mantiene el carácter tradicionalista del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y limita la actuación profesional independiente en el futuro estomatólogo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of dental implant as method to replace lost teeth has demonstrated to be a treatment with a success rate higher than 89 % in periods of observation between 10-15 years; nevertheless, the number of implants is still increasing and, with it, the prevalence of peri-implantar diseases. Objective: To deepen the knowledge on the peri-implantar disease and the existing treatments. Development: As a result of the advance in rehabilitation, the use of dental implants has taken a great boom in the last years and, in particular, in the province of Santiago de Cuba; however, with the use of this technique the complications and failures have also increased due to multiple reasons. Conclusions: The peri-implantar disease represents a health problem with growing incidence that requires a multidisciplinary approach, what depends on several biological principles that is necessary to respect, such as the diagnosis, the therapeutic plan, the careful implementation of the procedure, the postoperative follow up and the appropriate load of the implant that are important factors to achieve the result desired.

RESUMEN Introducción: La utilización de implantes dentales como método para reemplazar dientes perdidos ha demostrado ser un tratamiento con una tasa de éxito superior a 89 % en periodos de observación entre 10-15 años; no obstante, el número de implantes continúa incrementándose y, con ello, la prevalencia de enfermedades perimplantarias. Objetivo: Profundizar los conocimientos sobre la enfermedad perimplantaria y los tratamientos existentes. Desarrollo: Como resultado del avance en la rehabilitación, el uso de implantes dentales ha tomado un gran auge en los últimos años y, en particular, en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba; sin embargo, con el uso de esta técnica también se han incremento las complicaciones y los fracasos por múltiples razones. Conclusiones: La enfermedad perimplantaria representa un problema de salud con incidencia creciente, que requiere de un enfoque multidisciplinario, lo que depende de varios principios biológicos que es preciso respetar, tales como el diagnóstico, el plan terapéutico, la ejecución cuidadosa del proceder, el seguimiento posoperatorio y la carga apropiada del implante, que son factores importantes para lograr el resultado deseado.

RESUMO Introdução: O conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 que os pacientes em situação de emergência odontológica possuem é de vital importância, pois podem infectar e infectar o pessoal de saúde. Objetivo: Descrever o nível de conhecimento sobre o COVID-19 em pacientes atendidos no Pronto-Socorro da Clínica Provincial de Estomatologia “Mártires del Moncada” de Santiago de Cuba. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado entre março e junho de 2020, com um universo de 180 pacientes selecionados por amostragem probabilística aleatória simples, de ambos os sexos e maiores de 18 anos. Foram avaliados idade, sexo, emergências odontológica e nível de conhecimento. Foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado, com grau de significância α=0,05, para verificar a associação entre nível de conhecimento, idade e sexo. Resultados: Odontalgias e abscessos dentoalveolares agudos foram as condições estomatológicas predominantes, o nível de conhecimento predominante sobre a COVID-19 nos pacientes atendidos nas emergências odontológicas foi bom. Conclusões: Apesar de os pacientes acometidos por emergências odontológicas possuírem bons conhecimentos sobre a COVID-19, o desconhecimento ou não cumprimento de algumas das medidas de prevenção e controle desta infecção, pode contribuir para a transmissão desta doença aos profissionais de saúde que auxilia-os, ignorando seu potencial de contágio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Knowledge concerning COVID-19 among patients with dental emergencies, it is of high importance since they can become infected and infect health care personnel. Objective: To describe the level of knowledge concerning COVID-19 in patients who were attended at the Clínica Estomatológica Provincial “Mártires del Moncada” in Santiago de Cuba. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2020. A total of 180 patients, in both sex and older than 18 and who gave their consent to be part of this research, were selected by a probability simple random sampling. Those with obvious acute respiratory syndrome were excluded. Age, sex, dental emergencies and knowledge level were assessed. The Chi-square test was used (alpha level of 0.05) to determine the association between knowledge Level, age, and sex. Results: Odontalgia and acute dentoalveolar abscesses were the predominant dental conditions, and the level of knowledge concerning COVID-19 in patients with dental emergencies attended at the clinic was good. Conclusions: Despite the good knowledge concerning COVID-19 showed by the patients affected with dental conditions, the lack of knowledge or non-compliance of measurements for the prevention and control of this infection may be the start point to spread the COVID-19 to the health personnel in service.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los conocimientos sobre COVID-19 que posean los pacientes aquejados por urgencias estomatológicas son de vital importancia, ya que pueden infectarse y contagiar al personal de salud. Objetivo: Describir el nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en pacientes atendidos en la consulta de Urgencias de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial “Mártires del Moncada” de Santiago de Cuba. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal entre marzo y junio de 2020, con un universo de 180 pacientes seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, de ambos sexos y mayores de 18 años, que dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación. Se excluyeron aquellos con síndrome respiratorio agudo evidente. Se evaluaron la edad, sexo, urgencias estomatológicas y nivel de conocimientos. Se empleó la prueba Chi-cuadrado, con un grado de significación α=0,05, para determinar la asociación entre nivel de conocimientos, la edad y el sexo. Resultados: Las odontalgias y los abscesos dentoalveolares agudos fueron las afecciones estomatológicas predominantes, el nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 predominante en los pacientes atendidos por urgencias estomatológicas fue bueno. Conclusiones: A pesar de que los pacientes afectados por urgencias estomatológicas poseen conocimientos buenos sobre la COVID-19, el desconocimiento o incumplimiento de algunas de las medidas de prevención y control de esta infección, puede contribuir a la transmisión de esta enfermedad hacia el personal de salud que los asiste, al ignoran su potencial de contagio.

The key step in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of apremilast was to produce the chiral alcohol (R)-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanol, (R)-3. Two enzymatic approaches were evaluated to obtain (R)-3, one using ketoreductases and the other lipases. Bioreduction of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanone (2), using ketoreductase KRED-P2-D12, led to (R)-3 with 48% conversion and 93% enantiomeric excess (ee). Kinetic resolution of rac-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl acetate (rac-4), via hydrolysis reaction, with 20% of n-butanol, catalyzed by lipase from Aspergillus niger yielded (R)-3 with > 99% ee, 50% conversion and E-value (enantiomeric ratio) > 200. The reaction between enantiomerically pure (R)-3 and 4-acetylamino-isoindol-1,3-dione (8) afforded apremilast in 65% yield and 67% ee.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The professor, teaching staff or teacher is the one professionally devoted to teaching and, also, to the transmission of behavior values, techniques and knowledge; that facilitates learning so that the student reaches it in the best possible way. Objective: To describe the fundamental characteristics of consultant professors functions and work. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in Mártires del Moncada Teaching Provincial Stomatologic Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, during December, 2018, which universe was formed by the 29 consultant professors, associated to the Stomatology Faculty until that year. The age, sex, specialty, teaching category and granting year were considered as variables of interest, as well as the academic and scientific degrees. Results: The years with more assignment of associate or instructor professors were 1998 and 2009, respectively. In general, most of the teaching staff corresponded to the 65-70 age group and the female sex, as long as instructor professor category constituted the 82.8 % and associate professor 17.2 %. As for the academic degree, the highest number of associate and instructor professors was second degree specialists, very few of the associate professors had studied masters degrees and none of the instructor professors had applied for the doctorate. Conclusions: The special condition of consultant professor represents and still is a recognition to the academic work showed in the consultancy of the teaching, assistance and investigative tasks during the professional life.

RESUMEN Introducción: El profesor, docente o enseñante es quien se dedica profesionalmente a la enseñanza y, además, a la transmisión de valores de conducta, técnicas y conocimientos; facilita el aprendizaje para que el alumno lo alcance de la mejor manera posible. Objetivo: Describir las características fundamentales de las funciones y el trabajo de profesores consultantes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente Mártires del Moncada de Santiago de Cuba, durante diciembre de 2018, cuyo universo estuvo formado por los 29 profesores consultantes, adjuntos a la Facultad de Estomatología hasta ese año. Como variables de interés se consideraron la edad, el sexo, la especialidad, la categoría docente y su año de otorgamiento, así como los grados académico y científico. Resultados: Los años con mayor asignación de profesores titulares y auxiliares fueron 1998 y 2009, respectivamente. En general, la mayoría de los docentes correspondieron al grupo etario de 65-70 años y al sexo femenino, en tanto la categoría de profesor auxiliar la ostentaban 82,8 % y la de titular 17,2 %. En cuanto al grado académico, el mayor número de profesores titulares y auxiliares eran especialistas de segundo grado, muy pocos de los docentes titulares habían cursado maestrías y ninguno de los profesores auxiliares había optado por el doctorado. Conclusiones: La condición especial de profesor consultante representa y continúa siendo un reconocimiento a la labor académica desplegada en la asesoría de las tareas docentes, asistenciales e investigativas durante la vida profesional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dental loss has consequences in the elderly general physiologic function and appearance, that constitutes an unsolved problem in the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela. Objective: To describe the morbidity in elderly with loss of permanent teeth. Method: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in Simón Bolívar Clinic from Diego Ibarra municipality, belonging to Carabobo in Venezuela, from January to June, 2016. The universe was constituted by 100 elderly of 60 years and more from both sexes and partially or totally toothless. The analyzed variables were age, sex, oral hygiene, number of lost permanent teeth, as well as the type of prosthesis required. The relative and absolute frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: It was found that 73.0 % of the elderly lost their teeth due to dental decay, being women and the 60-64 age group the most affected one. Also, the poor oral hygiene and the necessity of partial prosthesis prevailed. Conclusions: A high morbidity existed in elderly with dental loss, which affected their functionality, aesthetics and self-esteem that could cause important consequences in the oral cavity and in the rest of the body if it is not corrected, without forgetting the prevention or early detection of any other oral disease that generates it.

RESUMEN Introducción: La pérdida dentaria tiene consecuencias en la apariencia y en la función fisiológica general del adulto mayor, lo cual constituye un problema aún no resuelto en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Objetivo: Describir la morbilidad en adultos mayores con pérdida de dientes permanentes. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal en la Clínica Simón Bolívar del municipio de Diego Ibarra, perteneciente al estado venezolano de Carabobo, desde enero hasta junio del 2016. El universo estuvo constituido por 100 adultos mayores de 60 años y más, ambos sexos y desdentados parciales o totales. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, higiene bucal, número de dientes permanentes perdidos, así como el tipo de aparatología protésica requerida. Se emplearon las frecuencias relativa y absoluta como medidas de resumen. Resultados: Se encontró que 73,0 % de los ancianos perdieron sus dientes por caries dental, siendo las féminas y el grupo de 60-64 años de edad el más afectado. Asimismo, predominaron la higiene bucal deficiente y la necesidad de prótesis parcial. Conclusiones: Existió una elevada morbilidad en los adultos mayores con pérdida dentaria, lo cual afectó su funcionalidad, estética y autoestima, que de no ser corregida pudiera provocar consecuencias importantes en la cavidad bucal y en el resto del cuerpo, sin olvidar la prevención o detección precoz de cualquier otra enfermedad bucal que la genere.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Antimicrobial therapy after scaling and root planing treatment in the elderly has not been evaluated at the "Mártires del Moncada" Provincial Teaching Stomatology Clinic in Santiago de Cuba. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of tetracycline and azithromycin in the treatment of scaling and root planing in the elderly. Method: Quasi-experimental study of therapeutic intervention, carried out between 2018 and 2019, on 30 patients with the age of 60 and over and diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Three groups with 10 cases were created using the simple randomized method. Group 1 treated with the conventional technique and groups 2 and 3, after using the same technique, a subgingival concentration of tetracycline and azithromycin was applied respectively and surgical cement placement for 7 days. Variables such as age, sex, clinical picture, evolution of signs and symptoms at the seventh day, 1 and 3 months, and healing effectiveness were used. The statistical validation was through the Chi-square test, with a 95% reliability and the antimicrobial effectiveness, through the Analysis of Variance ANOVA. Results: Predominance of the group age between 65 and 69 years and female sex, persistent gingival inflammation in 30,0 % of group 1 at the third month, decreased the depth of the catheterization and there was a clinical insertion gain, improving their averages in time. A 100.0% healing effectiveness was achieved in groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: High effectiveness of subgingival topical application of tetracycline and azithromycin with surgical cement, over patients treated with conventional scaling and root planing.

RESUMEN Introducción: La terapia antimicrobiana después del raspado y alisado radicular en el anciano no ha sido evaluada en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente “Mártires del Moncada”, de Santiago de Cuba. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la tetraciclina y azitromicina en el tratamiento del raspado y alisado radicular en el adulto mayor. Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención terapéutica, realizado entre 2018-2019, en 30 pacientes con 60 y más años y con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica. Se crearon tres grupos con 10 casos mediante el método aleatorio simple. El Grupo 1 tratado con la técnica convencional y los Grupos 2 y 3, después de la técnica, se aplicó una concentración subgingival de tetraciclina y azitromicina respectivamente y la colocación de cemento quirúrgico por siete días. Se emplearon variables como edad, sexo, cuadro clínico, evolución de signos y síntomas al séptimo día, 1 y 3 meses, y efectividad de curación. La validación estadística fue a través de la prueba Chi-cuadrado, con un 95 % de confiabilidad y la efectividad antimicrobiana, mediante el Análisis de Varianza ANOVA. Resultados: Predominio del grupo 65-69 años y sexo femenino, persistencia de inflamación gingival en el 30,0 % del Grupo 1 al tercer mes, disminuyó la profundidad al sondaje y hubo ganancia de inserción clínica, mejorando sus medias en el tiempo. Se logró un 100,0 % de efectividad de curación en los Grupos 2 y 3. Conclusiones: Elevada efectividad de la aplicación tópica subgingival de tetraciclina y azitromicina con cemento quirúrgico, sobre aquellos tratados con raspado y alisado radicular convencional.

RESUMO Introdução: No departamento de Periodontia da Clínica Provincial de Estomatologia Mártires del Moncada, em Santiago de Cuba, o nível de auto-estima e higiene bucal dos idosos não foi caracterizado. Objetivo: Caracterizar os níveis de autoestima e higiene bucal em idosos, no período de julho a dezembro de 2017. Método: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo-transversal dos 32 idosos atendidos no Departamento de Periodontia da Clínica de Estomatologia Provincial de Ensino de Santiago de Cuba, que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão: maiores de 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, que consentiram em participar da pesquisa. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, escolaridade, nível de autoestima e higiene bucal. Resultados: Grupo de 65 a 69 anos (37,5%), sexo feminino (62,5%), nível de ensino pré-universitário (37,5%), nível médio de auto-estima (56,2%) e falta de higiene bucal (53,1%). Conclusões: O nível médio de autoestima é um dos elementos psicológicos intimamente ligados à falta de higiene bucal nos idosos estudados, sendo necessária atenção especial na avaliação abrangente desses pacientes, dada a sua possível influência no estado de saúde bucal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the Periodontics department of the "Mártires del Moncada" Teaching Provincial Stomatology Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, the level of self-esteem and oral hygiene of the elderly has not been characterized. Objective: To characterize the levels of self-esteem and oral hygiene in the elderly, during the period July to December 2017. Method: A descriptive-cross-sectional study was carried out in the 32 older adults who attended the Periodontics Department of the Teaching Provincial Stomatological Clinic from Santiago de Cuba, which met the inclusion criteria: over 60 and older, of both genders, who gave their consent to participate in the research. The variables were studied: age, sex, education, level of self-esteem and oral hygiene. Results: The 65-69 year old group (37.5%), the female sex (62.5%), the pre-university school level (37.5%), the average self-esteem level (56.2%) and poor oral hygiene (53.1%). Conclusions: The level of average self-esteem is one of the psychological elements closely linked to poor oral hygiene in the older adults studied, so special attention is required in the comprehensive assessment of these patients, given its possible influence with the state of health oral.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el departamento de Periodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada" de Santiago de Cuba, no se ha caracterizado el nivel de autoestima e higiene bucal de los adultos mayores. Objetivo: Caracterizar los niveles de autoestima e higiene bucal en los adultos mayores, durante el periodo julio a diciembre del 2017. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-transversal en los 32 adultos mayores que acudieron al departamento de Periodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente de Santiago de Cuba, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: mayores de 60 y más años, de ambos géneros, que dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, escolaridad, nivel de autoestima e higiene bucal. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de 65-69 años (37,5 %), el sexo femenino (62,5 %), el nivel escolar pre-universitario (37,5 %), el nivel de autoestima medio (56,2 %) y la higiene bucal deficiente (53,1 %). Conclusiones: El nivel de autoestima medio es uno de los elementos psicológicos estrechamente vinculado con la higiene bucal deficiente en los adultos mayores estudiados, por lo que se requiere especial atención en la valoración integral de estos pacientes, dada su posible influencia con el estado de salud bucal.

Paper spray ionization (PSI) is a promising analytical tool for direct analysis in mass spectrometry (MS). However, this technique usually uses chromatographic paper, which rarely accomplishes a stable MS signal and could vary with the sample matrix effect. In the present study, the application of graphene oxides (GO) was scrutinized as modifier paper substrate for PSI-MS methods. The developed substrate efficiency was evaluated towards creatinine determination in urine samples. The GO-PSI-MS developed method for creatinine in urine samples showed linearity in the range of 0.1 to 3.4 ppm with R2 = 0.9991. The precision was evaluated and the values were between 1.1 to 6.8% and the accuracy above 96.8%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.05 and 0.17 ppm, respectively. The GO-PSI developed was compared to conventional chromatographic paper for PSI-MS methods, and the results showed that the modified paper with GO bolsters method linearity, precision, and LOQ values.

A descriptive, observational, longitudinal and retrospective study, from all the patients notified in the statistical records of extreme poverty communities and from the new urbanizations of the state Carabobo was carried out during the first semester of 2016, with the objective of describing the activities developed in them, according to the following variables: estomatological visits, health promotion activities, other estomatological activities and referral at the second care level. Among the results it was obtained that the highest percentage of visits was carried out in the first trimester of the year, with prevalence of the visits-agreements, as well as of the health promotion activities. The age group younger than 18 years had the greatest benefits with the delivered affective-participative activities, while the estomatological procedures also prevailed in the first trimester, except the use of fluorine, and the periodontal disease was the most frequent cause of referral to the second care level

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, longitudinal y retrospectivo, de todos los pacientes notificados en los registros estadísticos de las comunidades de pobreza extrema y las nuevas urbanizaciones del estado Carabobo, durante el primer semestre del 2016, con vistas a identificar las actividades desarrolladas en estos, de acuerdo a las siguientes variables: consultas estomatológicas, actividades de promoción de salud, otros procedimientos estomatológicos y las remisiones al segundo nivel de atención. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que el mayor porcentaje de consultas se realizara en el primer trimestre del año, con predominio de las consultas-convenios, así como de las actividades de promoción de la salud. El grupo etario de menores de 18 años fue el más beneficiado con las actividades afectivo-participativas impartidas, en tanto los procedimientos estomatológicos preponderaron también en el primer trimestre, a excepción de la aplicación de laca de flúor, y la enfermedad periodontal fue la causa más frecuente de remisión al segundo nivel de atención

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 36 patients attending the Periodontics Department of Vista Alegre Dental Clinic in Santiago de Cuba from October 2010 to March 2011, in order to describe the periodontal status of these patients and some associated risk factors. The statistical validation was performed by chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05 and 95% of confidence if p = 0.05. Of the variates in the series periodontitis, age 35 or older, female sex, oral counseling in primary health care and inadequate referrals to the Service of Periodontics (with a significant percentage) prevailed, while of the risk factors poor oral hygiene, dental calculi and food accumulation predominated. A significant correlation of diabetes mellitus with periodontal disease was also observed.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 36 pacientes atendidos en la Consulta de Periodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica Vista Alegre de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre del 2010 hasta marzo del 2011, con vistas a describir el estado periodontal de estos y algunos factores de riesgo asociados. La validación estadística se realizó mediante la prueba de Ji al cuadrado, con un grado de significación de 0,05, para 95 % de confiabilidad si p=0,05. De las variables de la serie primaron la periodontitis, la edad de 35 años o más, el sexo femenino, la consejería bucal en la atención primaria de salud y las remisiones deficientes al Servicio de Periodoncia (con un importante porcentaje); en tanto, de los factores de riesgo preponderaron la higiene bucal incorrecta, los cálculos y el empaquetamiento de alimentos. También se observó una correlación significativa de la diabetes mellitus con la enfermedad periodontal.

A longitudinal prospective study was carried out to describe pericoronitis in 150 patients from 15 to 26 years, intentionally selected from over 200 who attended Adaca dentist's office from "Socorro" community comprehensive health area in the Venezuelan municipality of Valencia, Carabobo State, from September 2009 to February 2010. Our cases were distributed into group I consisting of 75 individuals with diagnosis of retained or semi-retained teeth, and group II with the same number of people but without that condition in the teeth. To relate the variables each chi-square probability distribution was used with a level of association=0,05, and to determine the estimated risk odds ratio was used and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. Male patients of 15-20 years prevailed in the series, and pericoronitis was found in 24,0 % of the total with a higher risk association in the group I, in most of whom both acute forms of congestive or serous and suppurative inflammation were observed. The third molar was the most affected in both groups.

Se realizó una investigación prospectiva longitudinal para describir la pericoronaritis en 150 pacientes de 15 a 26 años, seleccionados de forma intencional de 200 que asistieron al consultorio Adaca, del área de salud integral comunitaria "Socorro" del municipio venezolano de Valencia, estado de Carabobo, desde septiembre de 2009 hasta febrero 2010. La casuística fue distribuida en: grupo I, constituido por 75 individuos con diagnóstico de dientes retenidos o semirretenidos; y grupo II, conformado por igual número, pero sin esa condición en las piezas dentarias. Para relacionar las variables entre sí se utilizó la distribución probabilística de Ji al cuadrado, con un nivel de asociación de a=0,05; y para determinar el riesgo estimado se empleó la razón de productos cruzados, además de calcularse los intervalos de confianza al 95 %. En la serie predominaron los pacientes de 15-20 años y del sexo masculino; la pericoronaritis se halló en 24,0 % del total, con una asociación de riesgo más elevada en el grupo I, en la mayoría de cuyos integrantes se observaron ambas formas agudas de la inflamación: congestiva o serosa y supurada. El tercer molar fue el más afectado en ambos grupos.